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Recently, the Journal of the American Chemical Society published an optimal reaction conditions for the Cu-free Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction.[4] The first part of the article discusses the reaction mechanism, while the second part is dedicated to the convenient, in terms of reagents, conditions and reaction times, parameters optimization of the protocol. The methods are based on applying of microwave irradiation with Pd(OAc)2/Ce(OTf)3 catalytic system. It was shown that the optimal reaction conditions are: aryl halide, 1.0 mol% of Pd(OAc)2, 20 mol% of Ce(OTf)3, 10 mol% of K2CO3, water as the solvent, and reaction temperature of 140 °C. The applied methodology could be generalized for other Pd-based catalysts (e.g., PdCl2, Pd(OAc)2). In the case of Sonogashira reaction, the Pd-based catalysts are more active than the corresponding Cu-based ones, but the Cu-based catalysts are less sensitive to excess aryl halide substrates. The obtained results provide the proof of the two Pd catalytic cycles existence and allow the reaction conditions optimization.
The formation of pyrrolidinone N-alkyl derivatives is an interesting process and is of importance for a better understanding of the role of pyrrolidinone moieties in the chemistry of the NHCs. Thus, the homologous series of mesoionic pyrrolidinone N-alkyl derivatives has been synthesised and characterised.[31][32] The pyrrolidinone N-alkyl derivatives in this series were obtained in a one-pot procedure, from the corresponding N-alkyl derivatives of N-methyl pyrrolidinone, using a palladium-catalysed amination reaction, followed by hydrolysis in the presence of acid to obtain the corresponding pyrrolidinone derivatives. The direct alkynylation reaction of the pyrrolidinone N-alkyl derivatives has been shown to take place efficiently through a Pd0 catalytic cycle on the imidazole-palladium core that is closed by N-alkylation. In addition, the reaction of these pyrrolidinone N-alkyl derivatives has been studied for the first time in the CO oxidation reaction, and the results are similar to the ones previously obtained for the imidazolium N-alkyl compounds.
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